Korean diaspora Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Korean diaspora - Essay Example The north-eastern China began accepting Koreans from the thirteenth century itself. The Koreans in China are famous for keeping their remarkable Korean conventions flawless while acclimatizing the nearby dialects and thoughts. Numerous Korean-inception individuals in China, as indicated by Piao, â€Å"do not realize how to compose or communicate in Korean, they have kept up their novel Korean traditions. Such traditions as not wedding while in formal grieving, ladies not restricting their feet, and setting stately food on a unique table for the older stayed until the 1940s† (48). There has likewise been a long convention of Korean dissenters moving to different nations, particularly to China. During the time of Japanese expansionism in Korea, particularly somewhere in the range of 1910 and 1930, a huge number of Koreans contradicted to the system have fled to China. The broad relocation of Korean laborers to Manchuria was even encouraged by the Japanese radicals. Albeit persec uted by the decision elites and by the states of hopelessness, the Korean diaspora in China have thoroughly maintained numerous parts of their unique nationality. By the foundation of various types of self-ruling units after the foundation of the socialist standard, the Koreans in China have not exclusively had the option to protect their nationality yet in addition to create it fundamentally. The Chinese Communist gathering (CCP) too had assumed a significant job in ensuring the minority culture of the Koreans in China by sorting out Korean social specialists and Korean scholarly clubs. It was the immediate consequence of CCP’s strategy that â€Å"in territories that contained a grouping of one nationality, national self-ruling districts ought to be built up and the nationality’s language and composing framework ought to be created, alongside the safeguarding of the nationality’s customs, conventions and strict beliefs†, contends Piao (75). Likewise, lan d change arrangements started by the socialist government in China have to a great extent assisted the Koreans diaspora with enhancing their material turn of events. Koreans in Japan In Japanese language, the workers from Korea are prominently called as sangokujin in a derogative style. The Koreans in Japan have consistently had a strained connection with their old provincial experts and the other way around as well. This strain despite everything is communicated as â€Å"the proceeded with equivocalness of the Korean community’s position between ‘troublesome’ new foreigners and Japanese nationals† as pointed by Chung (1). It has prompted lower paces of naturalization of Koreans in Japan significantly after numerous times of their appearance in Japan. It could likewise be contended, along the lines of Chung, that in spite of the fact that the Koreans in Japan think that its simple to be acclimatized with the locals by smoothly Japanese and wedding with Jap anese inceptions, â€Å"the law pace of naturalization proposes that a huge extent of the Korean people group has settled on a cognizant choice to hold its Korean nationality† (1). As previous, provincial subjects, the Koreans have thought that it was hard to be incorporated with the Japanese abusive system. It doesn't imply that the Korean diaspora in Japan is without portrayal in the common society. In spite of the fact that the Japanese state and society affirms the indigenous homogeneity of the Japanese individuals versus the Korean outsiders, the Koreans have stood up for themselves into the national scene through majority rule interest and activism. In any case,

Special Interests Groups and Political Participation

Exceptional Interests Groups and Political Participation Exceptional InterestAs youngsters growing up we figure out how to battle hunger from our folks and schools. The schools would declare an appetite drive, commonly around the special seasons and guardians would give their kids several jars of corn to bring to class and for a large portion of us, that was the degree of our commitment to the battle against hunger.We need to accomplish more. The battle against craving ought not stop inside the dividers of our schools. It starts with every unique individual, each can in turn and with the assistance of networks around the country we can accomplish the battle against hunger.Approximately 16.2% of kids in the U.S. live in neediness (U.S. Registration Bureau, Poverty in the United States: 2000, Current Population Reports, September 2001). The U.S. kid neediness rate is higher than that of most other industrialized nations.In 2000, somewhat the greater part of all food stamp beneficiaries were children.The Connecticut State Capitol, in downtown Hartfor...About 68% of these kids were young. The vast majority of the food stamp family units with youngsters were going by single grown-ups, with half of these families getting money help with expansion to food stamp benefits. (Joined State Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service, Characteristics of Food Stamp Households: Fiscal Year 2000, October 2001).The objective segment territory of this report is in the province of Connecticut. As indicated by the U.S. Enumeration Bureau the Percent of Persons in Poverty by in the province of Connecticut in 2000, 2001, and 2002 is a follows:2000 - 2001 (2-year normal) 7.5%2001 - 2002 (2-year normal) 7.8%2000 - 2002 (3-year normal) 7.8%Arkansas was recorded as the most elevated at 18%, the least is New Hampshire at 5.6%.Democratic ProcessThe Connecticut Public Interest Research Group (ConnPIRG) is a particular vested party that...

Corporate Social Responsibility - A code of ethics Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility - A code of morals - Essay Example In the course of recent years Bibbyoffshore have seen an exponential development in their business, the organization currently works 2 jump bolster vessels (DSV's) with a third because of come online in late 2007. The organization is presently of such a size, that it can contend with the bigger existing oil and gas administration organizations who have ruled the market in the course of recent years. As Bibbyoffshore want to draw in progressively unpredictable, higher worth agreements, certain customer desires, for example, the manner by which Bibbyoffshore see their obligation to nature and society, should be met. This is strengthened by Bibbyline' own strategic keep up development while working inside their guiding principle of: This administration report expects to explore the importance of a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Ethics methodology for Bibbyoffshore. At first the advancement of CSR and Ethics inside the Oil and Gas industry will be talked about followed by a short business case for a CSR system. A multi year execution system will be recommended alongside a code of morals lastly some finishing up comments. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the commitment of the business to the manageable improvement objectives of the Government. It is about how the business assesses its financial, social and natural effects in the manner in which it works augmenting the advantages and limiting the drawbacks. CSR is a deliberate moves that business can make, well beyond consistence with least legitimate necessities, to address the two its own serious advantages and the interests of more extensive society. (csr.gov.uk). Working inside creating nations the oil and gas industry has the chance to be to be a positive power in producing the hard money income that legislatures need to help arrive at national advancement objectives. While an organization is working in a nation they contribute and create foundation, for example, streets, that serve the network. This builds up the economy of the nation as supporting administrations, for example, material flexibly for streets is bought inside the nation emptying assets into the economy. The oil and gas industry assumes a key job in innovation participation and limit building. It implies assisting the host nation with meeting the essential needs, for example, framework, wellbeing, instruction, preparing, work creation, and water flexibly. So as to

About the U.S. Department of State

About the U.S. Division of State The United States Department of State additionally alluded to as â€Å"the State Department† or essentially â€Å"State,† is the official branch division of the United States government principally answerable for directing U.S. international strategy and talking with the President of the United States and Congress on worldwide conciliatory issues and approaches. The statement of purpose of the State Department peruses: â€Å"To advance opportunity to assist the American individuals and the global network by assisting with building and continue a progressively just, secure, and prosperous world made out of very much administered states that react to the necessities of their kin, diminish boundless destitution, and act mindfully inside the universal system.† The essential elements of the State Department include: Give insurance and help to U.S. residents voyaging or living abroad;Assist U.S. organizations and businesses working in the worldwide marketplace;Coordinate and offer help for global exercises of different U.S. organizations, official visits abroad and at home, and other political efforts;Inform the general population about U.S. international strategy and relations with different nations and give input from people in general to organization authorities. Comparative the outside services in different countries, the State Department direct universal conciliatory relations with respect to the United States by arranging arrangements and different concurrences with remote governments. The State Department additionally speaks to the United States in the United Nations. Made in 1789, the State Department was the primary official branch division set up after finalâ ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Headquartered in the Harry S Truman Building in Washington, D.C., the State Department as of now works 294 U.S. government offices around the globe and administers consistence of in excess of 200 worldwide settlements. As an organization of the president’s Cabinet, the State Department is driven by the Secretary of State, as named by the president and affirmed by the U.S. Senate. The Secretary of State is second in the line of presidential progression after the Vice President of the United States. Notwithstanding helping with the global exercises of different U.S. government offices, the State Department offers numerous significant types of assistance to U.S. residents voyaging and living abroad and to outside residents attempting to visit or move to the United States. In maybe its most freely observable job the State Department issues U.S. International IDs to U.S. residents permitting them to make a trip to and come back from outside nations and travel visas to U.S. residents and non-resident occupants. What's more, the State Department’s Consular Information Program illuminates the American open regarding conditions abroad that may influence their wellbeing and security while voyaging abroad. Nation explicit travel data and worldwide Travel Alerts and Warnings are essential pieces of the program. The State Department likewise supervises all U.S. remote guide and improvement projects, for example, the U.S. Organization for International Development (USAID) and the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. All exercises of the State Department, including outside help programs, speaking to the U.S. abroad, countering universal wrongdoing and human dealing, and every single other assistance and projects are paid for through the remote undertakings part of the yearly government spending plan as mentioned by the president and affirmed by Congress. All things considered, the all out State Department consumption speaks to simply over 1% of the all out government financial plan, anticipated to exceedâ $4 trillion in 2017.â â Brief History of the State Department On July 27, 1789, President George Washington singled a bill passed by the House of Representatives and Senate on July 21, 1789, making the Department of Foreign Affairs as the primary government office made under the new Constitution. A law authorized on September 15, 1789, changed the name of the office to the Department of State and alloted it oversight of an assortment of residential, instead of outside issues. For instance, the law made the Department of State answerable for running the United States Mint and directing the decennial U.S. registration. During the nineteenth century, these and a large portion of the Department of State’s other household obligations were gone over to other government offices and divisions. Selected by President Washington on September 29, 1789, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, at that point filling in as Minister to France turned into the main Secretary of State. Designated before Washington had gotten down to business, John Jay had been serving in as Secretary of Foreign Affairs and kept on working as accepted Secretary of State until Jefferson came back from France a while later.

Influences of Mlk’s I Have a Dream Speech

Racial isolation alongside social balance has been of the numerous issues in the United States since the country was framed. In contrast to most different issues in this nation, isolation was managed to a degree however in the long run went to a total end. Blacks were all the while being dealt with inconsistent in the United States, compelled to maintain outlandish principles or would confront savage discipline. These principles were available in almost every open office, walkway, transports, and even bathrooms.Although each individual of the white race didn't concur with the utilization of isolation, nobody had the fortitude to stand up and persuade the individuals of the United States that the manner in which they are treating the African Americans wasn't right. The Negroes of this time felt as though there was no expectation of being totally free until a daring and shrewd man stood up before a large number of individuals on August 28, 1963 in Washington D. C. Martin Luther King Jr . pens the eyes of numerous Americans with his useful tidbits in his I Have a Dream discourse, clarifying how the Negroes of America are being dealt with and what is going to happen to give the Negroes the opportunity they have been guaranteed. His influence and direct interest of their opportunity will make the individuals of the United States alter their way of life or extreme outcomes will come. One hundred years before King tended to his I have a fantasy discourse, President Abraham Lincoln marked the Emancipation Proclamation, intended to slowly free all captives of the regions who were still in resistance to the Union.Along with the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, the Emancipation Proclamation was composed to permit all individuals of the United States to be free. Ruler makes reference to in the initial hardly any sections of his discourse that the Declaration of Independence was a â€Å"promissory note† to each American ensuring their â€Å"unalienab le rights† of â€Å"life, freedom, and the quest for bliss. † Explaining that the government’s guarantee despite everything has not been satisfied, demonstrated by the African Americans’ absence of complete opportunity. Today is clear that America has defaulted on this promissory note, to the extent that her residents of shading are concerned†, â€Å"America has given the Negro individuals an awful check. † The Negroes of America were all the while living through the hardships of isolation and separation, which were guaranteed, in a few government archives, abolishment more than one hundred years prior. Lord tells the nation that he requests the privileges of opportunity and until the entirety of the Negroes of the United States get their privileges they merit, they will never give up.He clarifies that the explanation that they don't have opportunity is on the grounds that the administration and the individuals of the United States have persua ded the African American populace that they will in the long run get their privileges, with no goals of making a move to do as such. In the event that they don't get their privileges soon, he guaranteed that there would be a transformation until all individuals of the United States are free.King consequently draws regard by saying â€Å"The magnificent new militancy which has inundated the Negro people group must not lead us to a doubt of every single white individuals, for a considerable lot of our white siblings, as confirm by their quality here today, have come to understand that their predetermination is tied up with our fate. Furthermore, they have come to understand that their opportunity is inseparably bound to our opportunity. † Honoring the individuals of the white race who were going to the discourse and communicating that each individuals’ future relies upon their freedom.He additionally gets regard by advising the individuals not to revolt through brutality while attempting to acquire their privileges of opportunity, looking for retribution would just damage our populace and the country, all in all. Being forceful could imperil the chance of ever getting total opportunity for the Negro populace. In the discourse, King never talked down on the white Americans for their demonstrations. Rather, he clarifies what the white race had done to expect him to remain before America that day.He likewise communicated what he looked like forward to the â€Å"brotherhood† and companionship with each white American sooner rather than later, causing the individuals to acknowledge he doesn't need any prevalence over the white race, just to be viewed as equivalent as them. Now in the discourse, he starts to clarify the amount he would acknowledge life as a free American and how he will appreciate the option to do as he may wish. To have the option to work to, make him effective yet to make a progressively fruitful country all in all. â€Å"Nine sixty-three isn't an end, however a start. Ruler realizes influence towards each race with this point in the discourse. Implying that it will be a conclusion to isolation, yet more critically a starting to an incredible and fruitful country. The dark populace being unrestrained choice bring more noteworthy advances, hard working attitudes, and complete unionization. With the nation in complete solidarity it naturally makes it be more grounded all in all. His influence to the dark populace comes significantly towards the finish of the discourse. He tells everybody that the â€Å"situation can and will be changed. By being so direct and guaranteeing, it gives certainty and inspiration to the individuals who are attempting to repair this circumstance to represent themselves and request what they merit. This announcement likewise tells the individuals who are treating the Negroes severely that they have no other decision however to give the blacks their ensured rights or there will be a wild and ceaseless insurgency. The endless unrest could endanger the capacity of the nation and cause social and monetary disarray throughout.King closes his discourse with the celebrated I have a fantasy expressions and melodies. In the expressions he tells about how tranquil and charming total opportunity will be and how he dreams that one day soon he will see interracial fellowships of fraternity among kids and grown-ups of this nation. Having the option to cooperate, supplicate together, battle together, go to prison together, and go to bat for opportunity together will welcome numerous extraordinary impacts on the country and the people.Being â€Å"free at last† will improve the world a spot and will bit by bit make this nation the most grounded on the planet monetarily and socially. Martin Luther King Jr. ’s discourse was so persuading a direct result of his straightforwardness about what will be done to get the rights that the African Americans were guaranteed . Albeit a large portion of the white race knew about how they were treating the blacks, King opened their eyes by causing them to understand that they Constitutionally merit indistinguishable rights from the white population.King was conscious all through the discourse, which in all likelihood helped the individuals comprehend and acknowledge the purpose behind his discourse. Albeit African Americans despite everything didn't get their privileges following this discourse, the discourse incredibly affected the fate of the African Americans and the fate of this country. Incredible dangers accompanied King’s discourse however he was eager to face those challenges to make a superior future for the lives of numerous Americans.

neighborhoods we move into and come to love.

neighborhoods we move into and come to love. For anybody too young to have seen my name at the top of the recent entries page before, Im Mollie. I graduated in 2006 with degrees in biology and brain and cognitive sciences, which means that Im going to have my pi reunion this summer. (Yay!) Im currently a third-year PhD student in developmental neurobiology at that other university in Cambridge, and I live with my charming rocket scientist husband Adam 07 and our rabbit (who did not attend MIT) in an apartment just north of Boston. Im here to update you on the breathtaking life of a biology PhD student, which is breathtaking enough to divide into a very small number of categories. Lab and other school things I do less often than lab Since I passed my qualifying exam last January, to my great joy and relief, Im now a PhD candidate in biological and biomedical sciences at Harvard. Functionally, this means that Im basically done taking classes, and Im living in the lab full-time doing research. Eventually Ill finish the projects on which Im working and write my dissertation, which Ill defend in a very long written document as well as orally in front of a group of professors from my program its considered rude to ask a graduate student how much longer until he/she graduates, but you didnt ask, so Ill tell you that I probably have about 3.5 years left. (Hopefully.) My lab studies the development of several different types of neurons in the mammalian brain, and eventually wed like to be able to fix neurodegenerative diseases and neurological injuries using the stem cells native to the brain. Im specifically looking at the role of My Favorite Gene (MFG) in the development of corticospinal motor neurons in the cortex and medium-sized spiny neurons in the striatum we know its important, but we dont know how or why, so my job is to look at the mechanisms of MFG function in the development of these two types of neurons. (If this sounds totally sweet, join my lab we do take MIT UROPs. At the very least, come have $1 ice cream with me in the Mass General cafeteria. Graduate students get lonely.) Things are going well in the lab, although Im breeding a lot of mice right now, and sometimes I feel a little more like a mouse matchmaker than a scientist. I do also get to be a mouse surgeon, which is fun we put pregnant female mice under anesthesia, inject DNA into the embryos using ultrasound guidance, and sew up the females. A few days later, we collect the injected brains and look at the cells that received DNA, which glow green on the microscope. Things I do outside of lab (Graduate students dont really have lives outside of lab, but its fun to pretend.) This year Im at MIT two or three times a week, coaching the cheerleading squad. When I was at MIT, I cheered for four years and was captain for one; this, along with my ability to boss people around and show up on time, qualifies me to coach the squad, at least nominally. Mostly I think I just tell cheerleading stories from the olden days, throw Lulu up in the air (pics or it didnt happen), try to remember forgotten cheers, and get way too emotionally invested in MIT athletic events, but its great to be big and strong again I needed an excuse to get back in the gym. I spend the bulk of my free time hanging out with my curly-haired husband we like to cook together and go to Target (married life! it is exciting!). We also do dorky things for each other; for example, for our one-year wedding anniversary, he designed a mouse brain model in Solidworks and printed it for me on his offices 3D printer (picture, which does not really do justice to the awesomeness). I was thrilled, and everybody in my lab is totally jealous. He went a little more traditional for Christmas, getting me a diamond necklace and a four-foot light-up tinsel giraffe with a Christmas hat on it. (EDIT: For real. I got him a Nintendo DS Lite, a new pocket knife, and a Transformers belt buckle to wear during ski competitions. We think frivolity is a very important aspect of our gift-giving.) I also spend a lot of time on the internets answering questions about MIT and college admissions and life at my internet home, which, contrary to popular opinion, is a good place as long as youre willing to actually contribute instead of just pontificating. (Ahem.) Im busy almost as busy as I was when I was at MIT. Busy is good.

Effective strategies in supporting student nurses through the transition to newly qualified nurse. - Free Essay Example

Example Nursing Essay It is estimated that approximately 60% of the nursing workforce consists of newly qualified nurses: consequently there is much literature that examines the transitions that individuals experience as they progress from the student nurse to the newly qualified nurse (Whitehead, 2001; 2011). The recruitment and retention of nurses globally is a major issue, and hence healthcare systems need to address how best to ensure smooth transition into the professional nurse role to ensure newly qualified nurses successfully adjust into their new roles (Duchscher, 2008). In facilitating such transitions, great emphasis has been placed upon providing effective work environments in which newly qualified nurses can be best supported through the use of supervisors and preceptorship, and in having their views acknowledged and valued (Department of Health, DoH, 2008; Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2006). Indeed the policy paper, A High Quality Workforce (DoH, 2008) specifically acknowledged the role that the National Health System must adopt in improving not simply the quality of care but also the quality of support offered to NHS staff. Key DoH (2008) recommendations were placed on establishing more effective nursing training to ensure newly qualified nurses were better prepared for the realities of nursing practice, and providing avenues for appropriate continued professional development. However, studies still highlight that in reality, newly qualified nurses experiences are not aligned with these recommendations and nurses are still experiencing great challenges and difficulties in adjusting to the newly qualified nurse role (Mooney, 2007; Nash et al. 2009). The aim of this essay therefore is to examine the challenges that newly qualified nurses experience as they make their transitions into professional nursing practice, and to explore particular evidence based strategies to fac ilitate effective adjustment to their new role. Nursing role transitions The difficulties that student nurses experience in making the transition to newly qualified nurse has been highlighted by both the Department of Health (DoH, 2007) and the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2006) who raise concerns around whether such nurses are being appropriately prepared to feel confident and competent in their new nursing positions. As the NHS ethos of the 6 Cs of care demonstrates, competence, and the courage to act with confidence, alongside communication, collaboration and continuity, are essential aspects of the nurses role in order to practice effectively (NHS, 2013). The literature indicates however that student nurses are simply not being effectively supported by both the NHS health care system and pre-registration training, which is leading to ineffective training which results in poorly prepared student nurses with expectations that do not translate into their actual new professional nursing roles (Mooney, 2007; OShea and Kelly 2007). As Clark and Hol mes (2007, p.1211) state, nursing education does not offer students the knowledge, skills or confidence necessary for independent practice. As OShea and Kelly (2007) also highlight, newly qualified nurses transitions are further challenged by little knowledge of the diverse roles qualified nurses engage within, such as managerial, leadership, decision-making and clinical duties. Studies however reveal that amongst newly qualified nurses there are similar, shared personal values based on altruistic values of desiring to help, care and support patients, which promotes the person-centred model of care (DoH, 2000). However studies highlight that in practice, organisational constraints (Lack of time and staffing problems) combined with managers high expectations create challenges for new nurses in implementing theoretical knowledge and personal values into practice (Mackintosh, 2006). Therefore there is much need to determine key strategies that can promote effective transitions for nurs es to help them to negotiate new positions as newly qualified nurses that prevent disillusionment, frustration, stress and potential burnout (Mackintosh, 2006). The shock of transition Duchscher (2008) identifies two key processes, those of socialisation and professionalisation, that occur as student nurses adjust to becoming a newly qualified nurse, Duchscher states that in order for nurses to effectively adjust to the transition they must modify their professional and personal values so that they are more aligned with the actual role. Duchscher (2008) argues that these changes result in nurses experiencing a process of intellectual, emotive personal, professional, role, skill and relationship transitions, which lead to new understandings, expectations and, subsequently, experiences. Studies corroborate this by highlighting that the first three months of becoming a newly qualified nurse have been reported by such nurses to be a sharp shock, as prior expectations of theory-based nursing are challenged by having such ideals of person-centred care made often impossible through different care practices expected within NHS settings being reinforced within health care teams (Kelly and Ahern, 2009; Hollywood, 2011). As multi-disciplinary teamwork in NHS care systems is a key aspect of NHS policy (DoH, 2010; NHS, 2013), newly qualified nurses can feel coerced into adopting different care practices that challenge their theoretical understanding of best practice, which can lead to tensions and, as studies reveal, could lead to distrust and poor staff morale (McDonald, Jayasuriya, and Harris, 2012). The literature evidences that newly qualified nurses who feel pressured to follow the practices of other staff can become desensitised to the use of poor practice through rationalising the need for such practice as a result of environmental pressures, such as time or staffing issues, which can lead to the nurse also adopting them (Mackintosh, 2006). Mackintosh (2006) highlights how this can lead to newly qualified nurses re-negotiating new nursing roles where personal values are re-assessed to enable adoption of similar practices, which serves to further reinforce the use of poor care within NHS settings. Consequently as Kelly and Ahern (2009) identified, it is no wonder that newly qualified nurses report finding the transitional process overwhelming and stressful, confirming Mooneys (2007) findings that nurses are unprepared and experiencing unexpected difficulties. Whitehead (2011) and Scully (2011) argue that such difficulties are a result of a theory-practice gap, which leads to nurses experiencing a conflict amongst theoretical, personal and professional values (Maben, Latter and Clark, 2006). Mooney (2007) confirms this in research conducted with newly qualified nurses that reported that pre-registration training did not prepare them for the realities of actual practice. Mooney (2007) also demonstrated how the high expectations of staff-leaders and patients furthered nurses feeling of lacking skills and knowledge, as no accommodation was made for their newly qualified status and lack of experience, which led to stress and d isillusionment (Hollywood, 2011). As Maben et al. (2006) state, such treatment and lack of support places newly qualified nurses in vulnerable situations: they are at great disadvantage due to lack of experience and appropriate support strategies (Hollywood, 2011). Addressing stress and expectations Whilst studies highlight the difficulties that nurses experience in adjusting to the newly qualified nurse role (Whitehead, 2001; 2011), Edwards et al.(2011) reveal that appropriate support can minimise student nurses anxiety and help to build confidence through enhancing greater understanding of their role and staff demonstrating acceptance within nursing teams. However, Edwards et al. (2011) identify that staffing issues, staff attitudes and time constraints often lead to such nurses being unsupported, and can foster inequalities across NHS settings in the level of support provided. Scully (2011) emphasises that in order to provide appropriate support to newly qualified nurses, the political, social, and cultural barriers inherent in such a context must be addressed to help such nurses to overcome the theory-practice gap. As Fenwick et al. (2012) recommend, staff support needs to support a re-negotiation of newly qualified nurses expectations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" resulting from the oretical training à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to offer contexts in which discussions can be promoted that can address unrealistic expectations of the newly qualified nurses role so that what Kramer (1974) terms as reality shock is prevented. Theory-practice gaps, if strategies are not developed, can lead to segregation across newly qualified nurses and experienced staff, as when high expectations are placed upon newly qualified staff, they are unable to re-negotiate their new roles as they have no understanding of how their role can be limited by the particular socio-political and organisational constraints that can impede their practice (Maben et al. 2006). Supportive work environments Consequently the actual NHS environment and organisational culture in which newly qualified nurses find themselves can elicit a major impact upon how such nurses manage their transitions and forge a new self-identity and come to make sense of the role of the newly qualified nurse (Mooney, 2007; Whitehead, 2001). A key strategy promoted by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2006) is the employment of preceptors and supervisors to facilitate newly qualified nurses adjustment to their new practice settings (NMC 2006). Preceptorship within a nurses first year of professional practice can be utilised to highlight newly qualified nurses existing strengths and weaknesses, so that areas of development can be highlighted and addressed. However, it can also provide a valuable context in which fears, emotions and challenges can be discussed (NMC, 2006). Despite NMC (2006) recommendations however, the utilisation of preceptorship support strategies in practice is limited, with its use ac ross the NHS being fragmented and inconsistent. However the literature does demonstrate that preceptorship strategies can be very effective in supporting newly qualified nurses in successfully managing such transitions, with student nurses reporting that preceptorship facilitated easier transitions into clinical practice and helped them to negotiate better understandings of their new roles (Mooney, 2007). Whiteheads (2001; 2011) studies findings led to the recommendations that newly qualified nurses must have access to preceptorship, clinical supervision and some form of full time support so that difficulties can be addressed swiftly and reduce the number of newly qualified nurses living too hastily without appropriate discussion the nursing profession. As Whitehead (2011) states, social support and peer interaction can help to address and alleviate fears and stress through nurses being able to access appropriate emotional support and guidance at any time (Mooney 2007). A qualita tive study by Jonsen et al. (2012) examined the impact that providing preceptorship support elicited upon nurses successful transition into new practice, Jonsen et al. (2012) identified three key aspects, these being: preceptors; theory and practice; and reflection. Jonsen et als (2012) findings revealed that student nurses found the availability of support through preceptorship facilitated positive working environments which promoted feelings of security and yet fostered enhanced confidence and greater clinical effectiveness. As Jonsen et al. (2012) state, preceptorship provides contexts in which nurses are able to reflect upon their clinical practice experiences, which provides an environment in which students are able to balance theory with practice and personal with professional values, which facilitates better practice and confidence. Conclusion In summary, this essay demonstrates that to ensure student nurses adapt and make effective transitions to the role of newly qualified nurse, vital support is needed to offer appropriate supportive working environments, which can help nurses to re-negotiate the theory-practice gap. NHS settings need to acknowledge, accept and address the unique and individual needs of newly qualified nurses so that strategies can be employed that can facilitate continued professional development and encourage nurses to discuss their actual fears, issues and needs. The provision of preceptors and supervisors is essential to enable newly qualified nurses to have access to contexts in which personal and professional values can also be discussed so that they are able to not simply assimilate dominant practices inherent in the NHS setting but to also question them. Such strategies can thus offer newly qualified nurses context in which to reflect upon such practice experiences so that they can make sense of their new roles and re-negotiate new identities. It is therefore recommended that nurse training must address the potential transitionary difficulties that newly qualified nurses can experience to better prepare individuals for the realities of professional practice. NHS health care contexts must also promote greater access to preceptorship for newly qualified nurses to cater to the specific needs of newly qualified nurses. It is anticipated that through this development and a universal shift to enabling newly qualified nurses access to support such as preceptorship, newly qualified nurses can act with greater confidence and feel more supported in their clinical practice. References Clark, T., and Holmes, S. (2007) Fit for practice? An exploration of the development of newly qualified nurses using focus groups. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44 (7), pp. 1210-1220 Department of Health (2000) NHS Plan. London: DoH. Department of Health (DH) (2007) Towards a framework for post registration nursing careers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Consultation document. London: Department of Health. Department of Health (2008) A high quality workforce. London: DoH. Duchscher, J. B. (2008). A Process of Becoming: The Stages of New Nursing Graduate Professional Role Transition. Journal of Advance Nursing. 5(2), 22-36. Edwards, D., Hawker, C., Carrier, J., Rees, C. (2011). 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